livecd-rootfs/live-build/functions

# vi: ts=4 expandtab syntax=sh

# default imagesize = 2252*1024**2 = 2.2G (the current size we ship)
imagesize=${IMAGE_SIZE:-2361393152}
fs_label="${FS_LABEL:-rootfs}"

rootfs_dev_mapper=
loop_device=
loop_raw=
backing_img=

clean_loops() {
    local kpartx_ret
    local kpartx_stdout

    if [ -n "${backing_img}" ]; then
        # If something just finished writing to the device or a
        # partition (e.g. the zerofree in umount_partition) udev might
        # still be processing the device.
        udevadm settle
        sync
        kpartx -v -d "${backing_img}"
        unset backing_img
    fi

    if [ -z "${rootfs_dev_mapper}" ]; then
        return 0
    fi

    unset loop_device
    unset loop_raw
    unset rootfs_dev_mapper
}

create_empty_disk_image() {
    # Prepare an empty disk image
    dd if=/dev/zero of="$1" bs=1 count=0 seek="${imagesize}"
}

create_manifest() {
    local chroot_root=${1}
    local target_file=${2}
    echo "create_manifest chroot_root: ${chroot_root}"
    dpkg-query --show --admindir="${chroot_root}/var/lib/dpkg" > ${target_file}
    echo "create_manifest call to dpkg-query finished."
    ./config/snap-seed-parse "${chroot_root}" "${target_file}"
    echo "create_manifest call to snap_seed_parse finished."
    if [ "$PROJECT" = ubuntu-cpc ]; then
        echo "create_manifest creating file listing."
        local target_filelist=${2%.manifest}.filelist
        (cd "${chroot_root}" && find -xdev) > "${target_filelist}"
    fi
    echo "create_manifest finished"
}

make_ext4_partition() {
    device="$1"
    label=${fs_label:+-L "${fs_label}"}
    mkfs.ext4 -F -b 4096 -i 8192 -m 0 ${label} -E resize=536870912 "$device"
}

mount_image() {
    trap clean_loops EXIT
    backing_img="$1"
    local rootpart="$2"
    kpartx_mapping="$(kpartx -s -v -a ${backing_img})"

    # Find the loop device
    loop_p1="$(echo -e ${kpartx_mapping} | head -n1 | awk '{print$3}')"
    loop_device="/dev/${loop_p1%p[0-9]*}"
    if [ ! -b ${loop_device} ]; then
        echo "unable to find loop device for ${backing_img}"
        exit 1
    fi

    # Find the rootfs location
    rootfs_dev_mapper="/dev/mapper/${loop_p1%%[0-9]}${rootpart}"
    if [ ! -b "${rootfs_dev_mapper}" ]; then
        echo "${rootfs_dev_mapper} is not a block device";
        exit 1
    fi

    # Add some information to the debug logs
    echo "Mounted disk image ${backing_img} to ${rootfs_dev_mapper}"
    blkid ${rootfs_dev_mapper}

    return 0
}

setup_mountpoint() {
    local mountpoint="$1"

    if [ ! -c /dev/mem ]; then
        mknod -m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1
        chown root:kmem /dev/mem
    fi

    mount --rbind /dev "$mountpoint/dev"
    mount proc-live -t proc "$mountpoint/proc"
    mount sysfs-live -t sysfs "$mountpoint/sys"
    mount securityfs -t securityfs "$mountpoint/sys/kernel/security"
    # Provide more up to date apparmor features, matching target kernel
    mount -o bind /usr/share/livecd-rootfs/live-build/apparmor/generic "$mountpoint/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/features/"
    mount -o bind /usr/share/livecd-rootfs/live-build/seccomp/generic.actions_avail "$mountpoint/proc/sys/kernel/seccomp/actions_avail"
    mount -t tmpfs none "$mountpoint/tmp"
    mount -t tmpfs none "$mountpoint/var/lib/apt"
    mount -t tmpfs none "$mountpoint/var/cache/apt"
    mv "$mountpoint/etc/resolv.conf" resolv.conf.tmp
    cp /etc/resolv.conf "$mountpoint/etc/resolv.conf"
    mv "$mountpoint/etc/nsswitch.conf" nsswitch.conf.tmp
    sed 's/systemd//g' nsswitch.conf.tmp > "$mountpoint/etc/nsswitch.conf"
    chroot "$mountpoint" apt-get update

}

teardown_mountpoint() {
    # Reverse the operations from setup_mountpoint
    local mountpoint="$1"

    # ensure we have exactly one trailing slash, and escape all slashes for awk
    mountpoint_match=$(echo "$mountpoint" | sed -e's,/$,,; s,/,\\/,g;')'\/'
    # sort -r ensures that deeper mountpoints are unmounted first
    for submount in $(awk </proc/self/mounts "\$2 ~ /$mountpoint_match/ \
                      { print \$2 }" | LC_ALL=C sort -r); do
        mount --make-private $submount
        umount $submount
    done
    mv resolv.conf.tmp "$mountpoint/etc/resolv.conf"
    mv nsswitch.conf.tmp "$mountpoint/etc/nsswitch.conf"
}

mount_partition() {
    partition="$1"
    mountpoint="$2"

    mount "$partition" "$mountpoint"
    setup_mountpoint "$mountpoint"
}

mount_overlay() {
    lower="$1"
    upper="$2"
    work="$2/../work"
    path="$3"

    mkdir -p "$work"
    mount -t overlay overlay \
	-olowerdir="$lower",upperdir="$upper",workdir="$work" \
	"$path"
}

get_lowerdirs_for_pass () {
    # Returns the name of the lowerdir from the name of a pass
    # $1 Name of the pass
    local curpass="$1"
    local lowerlayers=""

	while :; do
		curpass=$(get_parent_pass $curpass)
        # We climbed up the tree to the root layer, we are done
		[ -z "$curpass" ] && break

		lowerlayers="${lowerlayers}:overlay.${curpass}"
	done
    echo "${lowerlayers#:}"
}

mount_disk_image() {
    local disk_image=${1}
    local mountpoint=${2}
    mount_image ${disk_image} 1
    mount_partition "${rootfs_dev_mapper}" $mountpoint

    local uefi_dev="/dev/mapper${loop_device///dev/}p15"
    if [ -b ${uefi_dev} -a -e $mountpoint/boot/efi ]; then
        mount "${uefi_dev}" $mountpoint/boot/efi
    fi

    # This is needed to allow for certain operations
    # such as updating grub and installing software
    cat > $mountpoint/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d << EOF
#!/bin/sh
# ${IMAGE_STR}
echo "All runlevel operations denied by policy" >&2
exit 101
EOF
    chmod 0755 $mountpoint/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d

}

umount_partition() {
    local mountpoint=${1}
    teardown_mountpoint $mountpoint
    mount --make-private $mountpoint
    umount $mountpoint
    udevadm settle

    if [ -n "${rootfs_dev_mapper}" -a -b "${rootfs_dev_mapper}" ]; then
        # buildd's don't have /etc/mtab symlinked
        # /etc/mtab is needed in order zerofree space for ext4 filesystems
        [ -e /etc/mtab ] || ln -s /proc/mounts /etc/mtab

        # both of these are likely overkill, but it does result in slightly
        # smaller ext4 filesystem
        e2fsck -y -E discard ${rootfs_dev_mapper}
        zerofree ${rootfs_dev_mapper}
    fi
}

umount_disk_image() {
    mountpoint="$1"

    local uefi_dev="/dev/mapper${loop_device///dev/}p15"
    if [ -e "$mountpoint/boot/efi" -a -b "$uefi_dev" ]; then
	# zero fill free space in UEFI partition
	cat < /dev/zero > "$mountpoint/boot/efi/bloat_file" 2> /dev/null || true
	rm "$mountpoint/boot/efi/bloat_file"
        mount --make-private "$mountpoint/boot/efi"
        umount --detach-loop "$mountpoint/boot/efi"
    fi

    if [ -e $mountpoint/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d ]; then
        rm $mountpoint/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d
    fi
    umount_partition $mountpoint
    clean_loops
}

modify_vmdk_header() {
    # Modify the VMDK headers so that both VirtualBox _and_ VMware can
    # read the vmdk and import them.

    vmdk_name="${1}"
    descriptor=$(mktemp)
    newdescriptor=$(mktemp)

    # Extract the vmdk header for manipulation
    dd if="${vmdk_name}" of="${descriptor}" bs=1 skip=512 count=1024
    echo "Cat'ing original descriptor to console for debugging."
    # cat header so we are aware of the original descriptor for debugging
    cat $descriptor

    # trim null bytes to treat as standard text file
    tr -d '\000' < $descriptor > $newdescriptor

    # add newline to newdescriptor
    echo "" >> $newdescriptor

    # add required tools version
    echo -n 'ddb.toolsVersion = "2147483647"' >> $newdescriptor

    # diff original descriptor and new descriptor for debugging
    # diff exits 1 if difference. pipefail not set so piping diff
    # to cat prints diff and swallows exit 1
    echo "Printing diff of original and new descriptors."
    diff --text $descriptor $newdescriptor | cat


    # The header must be 1024 or less before padding
    if ! expr $(stat --format=%s ${newdescriptor}) \< 1025 > /dev/null 2>&1; then
        echo "descriptor is too large, VMDK will be invalid!"; 
        exit 1
    fi

    # reset newdescriptor to be 1024
    truncate --no-create --size=1K $newdescriptor

    # Overwrite the vmdk header with our new, modified one
    dd conv=notrunc,nocreat \
        if="${newdescriptor}" of="${vmdk_name}" \
        bs=1 seek=512 count=1024

    rm ${descriptor} ${newdescriptor}
}

create_vmdk() {
    # There is no real good way to create a _compressed_ VMDK using open source
    # tooling that works across multiple VMDK-capable platforms. This functions
    # uses vmdk-stream-converter and then calls modify_vmdk_header to produce a
    # compatible VMDK.

    src="$1"
    destination="$2"
    size="${3:-10240}"

    streamconverter="VMDKstream"
    scratch_d=$(mktemp -d)
    cp ${src} ${scratch_d}/resize.img

    truncate --size=${size}M ${scratch_d}/resize.img
    python3 -m ${streamconverter} ${scratch_d}/resize.img ${destination}
    modify_vmdk_header ${destination}

    qemu-img info ${destination}
    rm -rf ${scratch_d}
}

create_squashfs() {
    local config_dir rootfs_dir squashfs_file
    rootfs_dir="$1"
    squashfs_file="$2"
    config_dir="$PWD/config"
    (cd $rootfs_dir &&
        mksquashfs . $squashfs_file -no-progress -xattrs -comp xz \
            -ef "$config_dir/squashfs-exclude-files")

}

create_derivative() {
    # arg1 is the disk type
    # arg2 is the new name
    unset derivative_img
    case ${1} in
           uefi) disk_image="binary/boot/disk-uefi.ext4";
                 dname="${disk_image//-uefi/-$2-uefi}";;
              *) disk_image="binary/boot/disk.ext4";
                 dname="${disk_image//.ext4/-$2.ext4}";;
    esac

    if [ ! -e ${disk_image} ]; then
        echo "Did not find ${disk_image}!"; exit 1;
    fi

    cp ${disk_image} ${dname}
    export derivative_img=${dname}
}

convert_to_qcow2() {
    src="$1"
    destination="$2"
    qemu-img convert -c -O qcow2 -o compat=0.10 "$src" "$destination"
    qemu-img info "$destination"
}

replace_grub_root_with_label() {
    # When update-grub is run, it will detect the disks in the build system.
    # Instead, we want grub to use the right labelled disk
    CHROOT_ROOT="$1"

    # If boot by partuuid has been requested, don't override.
    if [ -f $CHROOT_ROOT/etc/default/grub.d/40-force-partuuid.cfg ] && \
           grep -q ^GRUB_FORCE_PARTUUID= $CHROOT_ROOT/etc/default/grub.d/40-force-partuuid.cfg
    then
        return 0
    fi
    sed -i -e "s,root=[^ ]*,root=LABEL=${fs_label}," \
        "$CHROOT_ROOT/boot/grub/grub.cfg"
}


# When running update-grub in a chroot on a build host, we don't want it to
# probe for disks or probe for other installed OSes.  Extract common
# diversion wrappers, so this isn't reinvented differently for each image.
divert_grub() {
	CHROOT_ROOT="$1"

	# Don't divert all of grub-probe here; just the scripts we don't want
	# running. Otherwise, you may be missing part-uuids for the search
	# command, for example. ~cyphermox

	chroot "$CHROOT_ROOT" dpkg-divert --local \
		--divert /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober.dpkg-divert \
		--rename /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober

	# Divert systemd-detect-virt; /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub
	# no-ops if we are in a container, and the launchpad farm runs builds
	# in lxd.  We therefore pretend that we're never in a container (by
	# exiting 1).
	chroot "$CHROOT_ROOT" dpkg-divert --local \
		--rename /usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
	echo "exit 1" > "$CHROOT_ROOT"/usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
	chmod +x "$CHROOT_ROOT"/usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
}

undivert_grub() {
	CHROOT_ROOT="$1"

	chroot "$CHROOT_ROOT" dpkg-divert --remove --local \
		--divert /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober.dpkg-divert \
		--rename /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober

	rm "$CHROOT_ROOT"/usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
	chroot "$CHROOT_ROOT" dpkg-divert --remove --local \
		--rename /usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
}

recreate_initramfs() {
	# Regenerate the initramfs by running update-initramfs in the
	# chroot at $1 and copying the generated initramfs
	# around. Beware that this was written for a single use case
	# (live-server) and may not work in all cases without
	# tweaking...
	# config/common must be sourced before calling this function.
	CHROOT="$1"
	# Start by cargo culting bits of lb_chroot_hacks:
	if [ -n "$LB_INITRAMFS_COMPRESSION" ]; then
		echo "COMPRESS=$LB_INITRAMFS_COMPRESSION" > "$CHROOT"/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/livecd-rootfs.conf
	fi
	chroot "$CHROOT" sh -c "${UPDATE_INITRAMFS_OPTIONS:-} update-initramfs -k all -t -u"
	rm -rf "$CHROOT"/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/livecd-rootfs.conf
	# Then bits of lb_binary_linux-image:
	case "${LB_INITRAMFS}" in
		casper)
			DESTDIR="binary/casper"
			;;

		live-boot)
			DESTDIR="binary/live"
			;;

		*)
			DESTDIR="binary/boot"
			;;
	esac
	mv "$CHROOT"/boot/initrd.img-* $DESTDIR
}

release_ver() {
    # Return the release version number
    distro-info --series="$LB_DISTRIBUTION" -r | awk '{ print $1 }'
}

# cribbed from cdimage, perhaps this should be a small helper script in germinate?
add_inheritance () {
	case " $inherit " in
		*" $1 "*)
			;;
		*)
			inherit="${inherit:+$inherit }$1"
			;;
	esac
}

expand_inheritance () {
	for seed in $(grep "^$1:" config/germinate-output/structure | cut -d: -f2); do
		expand_inheritance "$seed"
	done
	add_inheritance "$1"
}

inheritance () {
	inherit=
	expand_inheritance "$1"
	echo "$inherit"
}

_snap_post_process() {
    # Look for the 'core' snap. If it is not present, assume that the image
    # contains only snaps with bases >= core18. In that case snapd is
    # preseeded. However, when 'core' is being installed and snapd has not
    # been installed by a call to 'snap_preseed' (see below) then it is
    # removed again.
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1
    local SNAP_NAME=$2

    local seed_dir="$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed"
    local snaps_dir="$seed_dir/snaps"
    local seed_yaml="$seed_dir/seed.yaml"
    local assertions_dir="$seed_dir/assertions"
    local snapd_install_stamp="$seed_dir/.snapd-explicit-install-stamp"

    case $SNAP_NAME in
        core[0-9]*)
            # If the 'core' snap is not present, assume we are coreXX-only and
            # install the snapd snap.
            if [ ! -f ${snaps_dir}/core_[0-9]*.snap ]; then
                _snap_preseed $CHROOT_ROOT snapd stable
            fi
            ;;
        core)
            # If the snapd snap has been seeded, but not marked as explicitly
            # installed (see snap_preseed below), then remove it.
            if [ -f ${snaps_dir}/snapd_[0-9]*.snap ] && \
                    [ ! -f "$snapd_install_stamp" ]
            then
                # Remove snap, assertions and entry in seed.yaml
                rm -f ${snaps_dir}/snapd_[0-9]*.snap
                rm -f ${assertions_dir}/snapd_[0-9]*.assert
                sed -i -e'N;/name: snapd/,+2d' $seed_yaml
            fi
            ;;
        *)
            # ignore
            ;;
    esac
}

_snap_preseed() {
    # Download the snap/assertion and add to the preseed
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1
    local SNAP=$2
    local SNAP_NAME=${SNAP%/*}
    local CHANNEL=${3:?Snap channel must be specified}

    local seed_dir="$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed"
    local snaps_dir="$seed_dir/snaps"
    local seed_yaml="$seed_dir/seed.yaml"
    local assertions_dir="$seed_dir/assertions"

    # Download the snap & assertion
    local snap_download_failed=0

    # Preseed a snap only once
    if [ -f ${snaps_dir}/${SNAP_NAME}_[0-9]*.snap ]; then
        return
    fi

    sh -c "
        set -x;
        cd \"$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed\";
        SNAPPY_STORE_NO_CDN=1 snap download \
            --cohort="${COHORT_KEY:-}" \
            --channel=\"$CHANNEL\" \"$SNAP_NAME\"" || snap_download_failed=1
    if [ $snap_download_failed = 1 ] ; then
        echo "If the channel ($CHANNEL) includes '*/ubuntu-##.##' track per "
        echo "Ubuntu policy (ex. stable/ubuntu-18.04) the publisher will need "
        echo "to temporarily create the channel/track to allow fallback during"
        echo "download (ex. stable/ubuntu-18.04 falls back to stable if the"
        echo "prior had been created in the past)."
        exit 1
    fi

    mv -v $seed_dir/*.assert $assertions_dir
    mv -v $seed_dir/*.snap $snaps_dir

    # Pre-seed snap's base
    case $SNAP_NAME in
        snapd)
            # snapd is self-contained, ignore base
            ;;
        core|core[0-9][0-9])
            # core and core## are self-contained, ignore base
            ;;
        *)
            # Determine which core snap is needed
            local snap_info

            # snap info doesn't have --channel, so must run agains the downloaded snap
            snap_info=$(snap info --verbose ${snaps_dir}/${SNAP_NAME}_[0-9]*.snap)

            if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
                echo "Failed to retrieve base of $SNAP_NAME!"
                exit 1
            fi

            local core_snap=$(echo "$snap_info" | grep '^base:' | awk '{print $2}')

            # If snap info does not list a base use 'core'
            core_snap=${core_snap:-core}

            _snap_preseed $CHROOT_ROOT $core_snap stable
            ;;
    esac

    # Add the snap to the seed.yaml
    ! [ -e $seed_yaml ] && echo "snaps:" > $seed_yaml
    cat <<EOF >> $seed_yaml
  -
    name: ${SNAP_NAME}
    channel: ${CHANNEL}
EOF

    case ${SNAP} in */classic) echo "    classic: true" >> $seed_yaml;; esac

    echo -n "    file: " >> $seed_yaml
    (cd $snaps_dir; ls -1 ${SNAP_NAME}_*.snap) >> $seed_yaml

    _snap_post_process $CHROOT_ROOT $SNAP_NAME
}

snap_prepare_assertions() {
    # Configure basic snapd assertions
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1
    # A colon-separated string of brand:model to be used for the image's model
    # assertion
    local CUSTOM_BRAND_MODEL=$2

    local seed_dir="$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed"
    local snaps_dir="$seed_dir/snaps"
    local assertions_dir="$seed_dir/assertions"
    local model_assertion="$assertions_dir/model"
    local account_key_assertion="$assertions_dir/account-key"
    local account_assertion="$assertions_dir/account"

    local brand="$(echo $CUSTOM_BRAND_MODEL | cut -d: -f 1)"
    local model="$(echo $CUSTOM_BRAND_MODEL | cut -d: -f 2)"

    # Get existing model and brand assertions to compare with new parameters
    # For customized images, snap_prepare_assertions is called several times
    # with different brand or model. In this case we want to overwrite
    # existing brand and models.
    local override_model_branch="false"
    if [ -e "$model_assertion" ] ; then
        existing_model=$(awk '/^model: / {print $2}' $model_assertion)
        existing_brand=$(awk '/^brand-id: / {print $2}' $model_assertion)

        if [ "$existing_model" != "$model" ] || [ "$existing_brand" != "$brand" ]; then
            override_model_branch="true"
        fi
    fi

    # Exit if assertions dir exists and we didn't change model or brand
    if [ -d "$assertions_dir" ] && [ "$override_model_branch" = "false" ]; then
        return
    fi

    mkdir -p "$assertions_dir"
    mkdir -p "$snaps_dir"

    # Clear the assertions if they already exist
    if [ -e "$model_assertion" ] ; then
        echo "snap_prepare_assertions: replacing $existing_brand:$existing_model with $brand:$model"
        rm "$model_assertion"
        rm "$account_key_assertion"
        rm "$account_assertion"
    fi

    if ! [ -e "$model_assertion" ] ; then
        snap known --remote model series=16 \
            model=$model brand-id=$brand \
            > "$model_assertion"
    fi

    if ! [ -e "$account_key_assertion" ] ; then
        local account_key=$(sed -n -e's/sign-key-sha3-384: //p' \
            < "$model_assertion")
        snap known --remote account-key \
            public-key-sha3-384="$account_key" \
            > "$account_key_assertion"
    fi

    if ! [ -e "$account_assertion" ] ; then
        local account=$(sed -n -e's/account-id: //p' < "$account_key_assertion")
        snap known --remote account account-id=$account \
            > "$account_assertion"
    fi
}

snap_prepare() {
    # Configure basic snapd assertions and pre-seeds the 'core' snap
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1
    # Optional. If set, should be a colon-separated string of brand:model to be
    # used for the image's model assertion
    local CUSTOM_BRAND_MODEL=${2:-generic:generic-classic}

    snap_prepare_assertions "$CHROOT_ROOT" "$CUSTOM_BRAND_MODEL"
}

snap_preseed() {
    # Preseed a snap in the image (snap_prepare must be called once prior)
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1
    # $2 can be in the form of snap_name/classic=track/risk/branch
    local SNAP=$2
    # strip CHANNEL specification
    SNAP=${SNAP%=*}
    # strip /classic confinement
    local SNAP_NAME=${SNAP%/*}
    # Seed from the specified channel (e.g. core18 latest/stable)
    # Or Channel endcoded in the snap name (e.g. lxd=4.0/stable/ubuntu-20.04)
    # Or Ubuntu policy default channel latest/stable/ubuntu-$(release_ver)
    local CHANNEL=${3:-}
    if [ -z "$CHANNEL" ]; then
        case $2 in
            *=*)
                CHANNEL=${2#*=}
                ;;
            *)
                CHANNEL="stable/ubuntu-$(release_ver)"
                ;;
        esac
    fi

    # At this point:
    # SNAP_NAME is just the snap name
    # SNAP is either $SNAP_NAME or $SNAP_NAME/classic for classic confined
    # CHANNEL is the channel

    if [ ! -e "$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed/assertions/model" ]; then
        echo "ERROR: Snap model assertion not present, snap_prepare must be called"
        exit 1
    fi

    _snap_preseed $CHROOT_ROOT $SNAP $CHANNEL

    # Mark this image as having snapd installed explicitly.
    case $SNAP_NAME in
        snapd)
            touch "$CHROOT_ROOT/var/lib/snapd/seed/.snapd-explicit-install-stamp"
            ;;
    esac

    # Do basic validation of generated snapd seed.yaml, doing it here
    # means we catch all the places(tm) that snaps are added but the
    # downside is that each time a snap is added the seed must be valid,
    # i.e. snaps with bases need to add bases first etc
    #
    # Skip validation by setting SNAP_NO_VALIDATE_SEED=1.
    if [ -z "${SNAP_NO_VALIDATE_SEED:-}" ]; then
        snap_validate_seed "${CHROOT_ROOT}"
    fi
}

snap_validate_seed() {
    local CHROOT_ROOT=$1

    if [ -e "${CHROOT_ROOT}/var/lib/snapd/seed/seed.yaml" ]; then
        snap debug validate-seed "${CHROOT_ROOT}/var/lib/snapd/seed/seed.yaml"
        /usr/lib/snapd/snap-preseed --reset $(realpath "${CHROOT_ROOT}")
        /usr/lib/snapd/snap-preseed $(realpath "${CHROOT_ROOT}")
        chroot "${CHROOT_ROOT}" apparmor_parser --skip-read-cache --write-cache --skip-kernel-load --verbose  -j `nproc` /etc/apparmor.d
    fi
}

snap_from_seed() {
    local base_seed=$1
    local out=$2
    local all_snaps
    local seeds_expanded

    seeds_expanded=$(inheritance ${base_seed})
    for seed in ${seeds_expanded}; do
        echo "snap: considering ${seed}"
        file=config/germinate-output/${seed}.snaps
        [ -e "${file}" ] || continue
        # extract the first column (snap package name) from germinate's output
        # translate the human-readable "foo (classic)" into a
        # more machine readable "foo/classic"
        seed_snaps=$(sed -rn '1,/-----/d;/-----/,$d; s/(.*) \|.*/\1/; s, \(classic\),/classic,; p' "${file}")
        for snap in ${seed_snaps}; do
            echo "snap: found ${snap}"
            all_snaps="${all_snaps:+${all_snaps} }${snap}"
        done
    done
    if [ -n "${all_snaps}" ]; then
        echo "${all_snaps}" > $out
    fi
}

seed_from_task ()
{
    # Retrieve the name of the seed from a task name
    local task=$1
    local seed
    local seedfile
    local seedfiles

    seedfile="$(grep -lE "^Task-Key: +${task}\$" config/germinate-output/*seedtext|head -1)"
    if [ -n "$seedfile" ]; then
        basename $seedfile .seedtext
        return
    fi

    seedfiles="$(grep -lE "^Task-Per-Derivative: *1\$" config/germinate-output/*seedtext)"
    if [ -n "$seedfiles" ]; then
        for seed in $(echo $seedfiles | xargs basename -s .seedtext); do
            if [ ${PROJECT}-${seed} = $task ]; then
                echo ${seed}
                return
            fi
        done
    fi
}

list_packages_from_seed () {
    # Store all packages for a given seed, including its seed dependency
    # $1: Name of the seed to expand to a package list

    local all_seeds="$(inheritance $1)"

    for seed in $all_seeds; do
        head -n-2 config/germinate-output/${seed}.seed|tail -n+3|awk '{print $1}'
    done|sort -u
}

subtract_package_lists() {
    # Subtract a package list from another
    #
    # $1 source package list
    # $2 Package list to subtract from source package list
    local list1=$(mktemp)
    local list2=$(mktemp)

    list_packages_from_seed $1 > list1
    list_packages_from_seed $2 > list2
    comm -23 list1 list2

    rm list1
    rm list2
}

clean_debian_chroot() {
    # remove crufty files that shouldn't be left in an image
    rm -f chroot/var/cache/debconf/*-old chroot/var/lib/dpkg/*-old
    Chroot chroot apt clean
    # For the docker images we remove even more stuff.
    if [ "${PROJECT}:${SUBPROJECT:-}" = "ubuntu-base:minimized" ]; then
        # Remove apt lists (that are currently removed downstream
        # anyway)
        rm -rf chroot/var/lib/apt/lists/*
        # Having device nodes in the docker image can cause problems
        # (https://github.com/tianon/docker-brew-ubuntu-core/issues/62)
        # so remove them.  We only do this for docker out of an
        # abundance of caution.
        rm -rf chroot/dev/*
    fi
}

configure_universe() {
	if [ -f config/universe-enabled ]; then
        # This is cargo-culted almost verbatim (with some syntax changes for
        # preinstalled being slightly different in what it doesn't ask) from
        # debian-installer's apt-setup:

        cat > chroot/etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION main restricted
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates main restricted
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION universe
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION universe
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates universe
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION multiverse
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION multiverse
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates multiverse
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu $LB_DISTRIBUTION partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu $LB_DISTRIBUTION partner

deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security main restricted
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security main restricted
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security universe
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security universe
deb $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security multiverse
# deb-src $LB_PARENT_MIRROR_BINARY_SECURITY $LB_DISTRIBUTION-security multiverse
EOF

fi
}

configure_network_manager() {
    # If the image pre-installs network-manager, let it manage all devices by
    # default. Installing NM on an existing system only manages wifi and wwan via
    # /usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/10-globally-managed-devices.conf. When setting
    # the global backend to NM, netplan overrides that file.
    if [ -e chroot/usr/sbin/NetworkManager -a ! -f chroot/etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml ]; then
        echo "===== Enabling all devices in NetworkManager ===="
        mkdir -p chroot/etc/netplan
        cat <<EOF > chroot/etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml
# Let NetworkManager manage all devices on this system
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: NetworkManager
EOF
    else
        echo "==== NetworkManager not installed ===="
    fi
}

get_parent_pass () {
    # return parent pass
    # $1 name of the pass
    # return parent pass name or '' if pass is root pass.
    local pass="$1"

    parent_pass=${pass%.*}
    if [ "${parent_pass}" = "${pass}" ]; then
        return
    fi
    echo ${pass%.*}
}

setenv_file () {
	# Exposes an environment variable in a chroot
	# $1 Name of the variable
	# $2 Value of the variable
	# $3 Path to the environment file of the chroot
	local var="$1"
	local val="$2"
	local file="$3"

	grep -v "^$var" $file || true > $file.new
	echo "${var}=${val}" >> $file.new
	mv $file.new $file
}

divert_update_initramfs () {
    Chroot chroot "dpkg-divert --quiet --add \
		--divert /usr/sbin/update-initramfs.REAL --rename \
		/usr/sbin/update-initramfs"
	cat > chroot/usr/sbin/update-initramfs <<'EOF'
#! /bin/sh
if [ $# != 1 ] || [ "$1" != -u ]; then
	exec update-initramfs.REAL "$@"
fi
echo "update-initramfs: diverted by livecd-rootfs (will be called later)" >&2

exit 0
EOF
	chmod +x chroot/usr/sbin/update-initramfs
}

undivert_update_initramfs () {
	rm -f chroot/usr/sbin/update-initramfs
	Chroot chroot "dpkg-divert --quiet --remove --rename \
		/usr/sbin/update-initramfs"
}

is_root_layer () {
    local pass=$1
    if [ -z "$(get_parent_pass $pass)" ]; then
        return 0
    fi
    return 1
}

is_live_layer () {
    local pass=$1
    for livepass in $LIVE_PASSES; do
	    [ "$livepass" != "$pass" ] && continue
        return 0
    done
    return 1
}

replace_kernel () { 
    mountpoint=$1
    new_kernel=$2

    # Install custom kernel (N.B. the trailing + retains linux-base during this
    # operation)
    env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive chroot "${mountpoint}" apt-get \
        remove --purge --assume-yes '^linux-.*' 'linux-base+'
    env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive chroot "${mountpoint}" apt-get \
        update --assume-yes
    env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive chroot "${mountpoint}" apt-get \
        install --assume-yes "${new_kernel}" 
    env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive chroot "${mountpoint}" apt-get \
        autoremove --purge --assume-yes

    # If running a custom kernel, we should try to boot without an initramfs
    # We do this by setting GRUB_FORCE_PARTUUID, which forces initramfs-less boot
    force_boot_without_initramfs ${mountpoint}
}

track_initramfs_boot_fallback() {
    mountpoint=$1
    cat <<END > "${mountpoint}/etc/grub.d/01_track_initrdless_boot_fallback"
#! /bin/sh
# ${IMAGE_STR}
# This will detect if we attempt to boot with an initramfs and fail.
# In the case of a failure, initrdless_boot_fallback_triggered is set to
# a non-zero value in the grubenv. This value can be checked after boot
# by looking in /boot/grub/grubenv or by using the grub-editenv list command.
set -e
END
    cat <<"END" >> "${mountpoint}/etc/grub.d/01_track_initrdless_boot_fallback"
cat <<"EOF"
if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then
  if [ -n "${initrdfail}" ]; then
    set initrdless_boot_fallback_triggered="${initrdfail}"
  else
    set initrdless_boot_fallback_triggered=0
  fi
  save_env initrdless_boot_fallback_triggered
fi
EOF
END
    chmod +x "${mountpoint}/etc/grub.d/01_track_initrdless_boot_fallback"
}

force_boot_without_initramfs() {
    mountpoint=$1

    partuuid=$(blkid -s PARTUUID -o value $(findmnt -n -o SOURCE --target "${mountpoint}"))
    if [ -n "${partuuid}" ]; then
        echo "Force booting without an initramfs..."
        mkdir -p "${mountpoint}/etc/default/grub.d"
        cat << EOF >> "${mountpoint}/etc/default/grub.d/40-force-partuuid.cfg"
# Force boot without an initramfs by setting GRUB_FORCE_PARTUUID
# Remove this line to enable boot with an initramfs
GRUB_FORCE_PARTUUID=${partuuid}
EOF
        divert_grub "${mountpoint}"
        chroot "${mountpoint}" update-grub
        undivert_grub "${mountpoint}"
    fi
}