The command line is text interface to your computer and an alternative to graphical user interfaces like windows. It typically involves typing text commands into a terminal to perform some operation. Although not necessary to learn, it can be helpful. The terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) is a command line running in a window.
An exhaustive tutorial on the command line is a bit beyond the scope of the manual. The man command brings up the user manual and can be used to learn more about a commands use, its options and inputs. If you wanted to learn more about the df (disk free) command, enter the following into a command line:
This will show you the user manual for the df command containing and explanation of the command and other useful information. For example is the -h option gives a human readable output.